How to File a Complaint in the Consumer Court

02 May, 2025

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Introduction

Consumer protection in India is a constitutional right assured by the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, “An Act to provide for protection of the interests of consumers and for the said purpose, to establish authorities for timely and effective administration and settlement of consumers' disputes and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.” A consumer may turn to a consumer court for legal remedy if he/she feel cheated or aggrieved due to defective goods, bad services, or unfair trade practices. The process to file a complaint in a consumer court is very simple, provided that one has proper knowledge of the procedure. In this article, we will explore who can file a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act and how to file a complaint in the Consumer Court.

Who Can File a Complaint?

The following individuals can file a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019:

Consumer who purchased goods or availed certain services for personal use and not for commercial resale.
One or more consumers who have the same interest.
Voluntary consumer association
The Central or State Government, in the interest of consumers at large.
Legal Heirs or Representatives can file a complaint in case the consumer is dead.
A Parent or Guardian on behalf of a minor consumer.

Consumer Court System

To resolve consumer disputes, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, established a three-tier quasi-judicial mechanism:

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (DCDRC): It entertains complaints where the value of the goods or services paid as consideration does not exceed rupees 1 crore.
State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC): It entertains complaints where the value of the goods or services paid as consideration exceeds rupees 1 crore but does not exceed rupees 10 crore.
National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC): It entertains complaints where the value of the goods or services paid as consideration exceeds rupees 10 crore.

Grounds For Filing a Complaint

Consumers can file complaints related to:

Defective goods or deficient services
Overcharging or deceptive pricing
Unfair or restrictive trade practices
Sale of hazardous goods or services
Delay in service delivery, etc

How to File a Complaint in the Consumer Court?

Attempt Amicable Settlement: Before approaching the court, try to resolve the issue directly with the seller or service provider. A formal written complaint notice is to be sent with a reasonable time-for example, 15-30 days-to reply or remedy the issue.
Draft a Consumer Complaint: If there's no satisfactory resolution, the next step is to file an official complaint. The same can be done online or offline. The complaint must include, details of the complainant and the opposite party, facts of the case (purchase date, product/service details, etc.), supporting documents (invoices, emails, warranty cards, etc.), relief sought (replacement, refund, compensation, etc.), and signature of the complainant. A lawyer is not needed, but can be appointed if desired.
Choose the Right Jurisdiction: File the complaint in the appropriate commission based on the value of the goods/services claimed and the location of the opposite party or the place where the cause of action arose.
Payment of Prescribed Fees: A nominal fee must be paid based on the claim amount. The fee can be paid via a demand draft, a postal order, or online on the E-Daakhil portal.
The last step is to submit the complaint, either at the office of the relevant commission in person or by registered post, or use the E-Daakhil portal.

Once the complaint is submitted, notices are sent to the opposite party, hearings are held, evidence is presented, and then the commission gives a final order.

If a person is not satisfied with the order/verdict, then he/she can appeal to a higher forum within 30 days of the order.

Conclusion

Complaint filing in the Indian consumer court is a powerful legal recourse for every citizen. As more and more processes get digitized through the E-Daakhil platform, the process has become easier and more transparent. By knowing and adhering to the right procedures, consumers can get their grievances addressed and settled efficiently.