Bare Act - section index

Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA) - All Sections

178 sections. The IEA was replaced by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) on 1 July 2024 - every section below links to its new equivalent.

Other sections

Section 1 - Short title, application and Commencement
Section 3 - Definitions
Section 5 - Evidence maybe given of facts In issue and relevant facts
Section 6 - Relevancy of facts forming part Of same transaction
Section 7 - Facts which are occasion, cause Or effect of facts in issue or Relevant facts
Section 8 - Motive, preparation and previous Or subsequent conduct
Section 9 - Facts necessary to explain or Introduce fact in issue or Relevant facts
Section 10 - Things said or done by Conspirator in reference to Common design
Section 11 - When facts not otherwise Relevant become relevant
Section 12 - Facts tending to enable Court to Determine amount are relevant in Suits for damages
Section 13 - Facts relevant when right or Custom is in question
Section 14 - Facts showing existence of state Of mind, or of body or bodily Feeling
Section 15 - Facts bearing on question Whether act was accidental or Intentional
Section 16 - Existence of course of business When relevant
Section 17 - Admission defined
Section 18 - Admission by party to Proceeding or his agent
Section 19 - Admissions by persons whose Position must be proved as Against party to suit
Section 20 - Admissions by persons expressly Referred to by party to suit
Section 21 - Proof of admissions against Persons making them, and by or On their behalf
Section 22 - When oral admissions as to Contents of documents are Relevant
Section 23 - Admissions in civil cases when Relevant
Section 24 - Confession caused by Inducement, threat, coercion or Promise, when irrelevant in Criminal proceeding
Section 25 - Confession to police officer
Section 26 - Confession by accused while in Custody of police not to be Proved against him
Section 27 - How much of information received from accused may be proved
Section 28 - Confession made after removal
Section 29 - Confession otherwise relevant
Section 30 - Consideration of proved Confession affecting person Making it and others jointly Under trial for same offence
Section 31 - Admissions not conclusive Proof, but may estop
Section 32 - Cases in which statement of Relevant fact by person who is Dead or cannot be found, etc., is Relevant
Section 33 - Relevancy of certain evidence For proving, in subsequent Proceeding, truth of facts therein Stated
Section 34 - Entries in books of account When relevant
Section 35 - Relevancy of entry in public Record or an electronic record Made in performance of duty
Section 36 - Relevancy of statements in Maps, charts and plans
Section 37 - Relevancy of statement as to fact Of public nature contained in Certain Acts or notifications
Section 38 - Relevancy of statements as to Any law contained in law books Including electronic or digital Form
Section 39 - What evidence to be given when Statement forms part of a Conversation, document, Electronic record, book or series Of letters or papers
Section 40 - Previous judgments relevant to Bar a second suit or trial
Section 41 - Relevancy of certain judgments In probate, etc., jurisdiction
Section 42 - Relevancy and effect of Judgments, orders or decrees, Other than those mentioned in Section35[41 IEA]
Section 43 - Judgments, etc., other than those Mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 [40to 42 IEA] when relevant
Section 44 - Fraud or collusion in obtaining Judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved
Section 45 - Opinions of experts
Section 45A - Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence
Section 46 - Facts bearing upon opinions of Experts
Section 47 - Opinion as to handwriting and Signature, when relevant
Section 47A - Opinion as to electronic Signature, when relevant
Section 48 - Opinion as to existence of general Custom or right, when relevant
Section 49 - Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., When relevant
Section 50 - Opinion on relationship, when Relevant
Section 51 - Grounds of opinion, when Relevant
Section 52 - In civil cases character to prove Conduct imputed, irrelevant
Section 53 - In criminal cases previous good Character relevant
Section 53A - Evidence of character or Previous sexual experience not Relevant in certain cases
Section 54 - Previous bad character not Relevant, except in reply
Section 55 - Character as affecting damages
Section 56 - Fact judicially noticeable need Not be proved
Section 57 - Facts of which Court shall take Judicial notice
Section 58 - Facts admitted need not be Proved
Section 59 - Proof of facts by oral evidence
Section 60 - Oral evidence to be direct
Section 61 - Proof of contents of documents
Section 62 - Primary evidence
Section 63 - Secondary evidence
Section 64 - Proof of documents by primary Evidence
Section 65 - Cases in which secondary Evidence relating to documents May be given
Section 65A - Special provisions as to evidence Relating to electronic record
Section 65B - Admissibility of electronic Records
Section 66 - Rules as to notice to produce
Section 67 - Proof of signature and Handwriting of person alleged to Have signed or written document Produced
Section 67A - Proof as to electronic signature
Section 68 - Proof of execution of document Required by law to be attested
Section 69 - Proof where no attesting witness Found
Section 70 - Admission of execution by party To attested document
Section 71 - Proof when attesting witness Denies execution
Section 72 - Proof of document not required By law to be attested
Section 73 - Comparison of signature, writing Or seal with others admitted or Proved
Section 73A - Proof as to verification of digital Signature
Section 74 - Public and private documents
Section 75 - Public and private documents
Section 76 - Certified copies of public Documents
Section 77 - Proof of documents by Production of certified copies
Section 78 - Proof of other official documents
Section 79 - Presumption as to genuineness of Certified copies
Section 80 - Presumption as to documents Produced as record of evidence, Etc
Section 81 - Presumption as to Gazettes, Newspapers, [private Acts of Parliament] and other documents
Section 81A - Presumption as to Gazettes in Electronic or digital record
Section 83 - Presumption as to maps or plans Made by authority of Government
Section 84 - Presumption as to collections of Laws and reports of decisions
Section 85 - Presumption as to powers-of-Attorney
Section 85A - Presumption as to electronic Agreements
Section 85B - Presumption as to electronic Records and electronic signatures
Section 85C - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
Section 86 - Presumption as to certified copies Of foreign judicial records
Section 87 - Presumption as to books, maps And charts
Section 88A - Presumption as to electronic Messages
Section 89 - Presumption as to due execution, Etc., of documents not produced
Section 90 - Presumption as to documents Thirty years old
Section 90A - Presumption as to electronic Records five years old
Section 91 - Evidence of terms of contracts, Grants and other dispositions of Property reduced to form of Document
Section 92 - Exclusion of evidence of oral Agreement
Section 93 - Exclusion of evidence to explain Or amend ambiguous document
Section 94 - Exclusion of evidence against Application of document to Existing facts
Section 95 - Evidence as to document Unmeaning in reference to Existing facts
Section 96 - Evidence as to application of Language which can apply to one Only of several persons
Section 97 - Evidence as to application of Language to one of two sets of Facts, to neither of which the Whole correctly applies
Section 98 - Evidence as to meaning of Illegible characters, etc
Section 99 - Who may give evidence of Agreement varying terms of Document
Section 100 - Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills
Section 101 - Burden of proof
Section 102 - On whom burden of proof lies
Section 103 - Burden of proof as to particular Fact
Section 104 - Burden of proving fact to be Proved to make evidence Admissible
Section 105 - Burden of proving that case of Accused comes within Exceptions
Section 106 - Burden of proving fact especially Within knowledge
Section 107 - Burden of proving death of Person known to have been alive Within thirty years
Section 108 - Burden of proving that person is Alive who has not been heard of For seven years
Section 109 - Burden of proof as to relationship In the cases of partners, landlord And tenant, principal and agent
Section 110 - Burden of proof as to ownership
Section 111 - Proof of good faith in Transactions where one party is in Relation of active confidence
Section 111A - Presumption as to certain Offences
Section 112 - Birth during marriage, Conclusive proof of legitimacy
Section 113A - Presumption as to abetment of Suicide by a married woman
Section 113B - Presumption as to dowry death
Section 114 - Court may presume existence of Certain facts
Section 114A - Presumption as to absence of Consent in certain prosecution for Rape
Section 115 - Estoppel
Section 116 - Estoppel of tenant and of licensee Of person in possession
Section 117 - Estoppel of acceptor of bill of Exchange, bailee or licensee
Section 118 - Who may testify
Section 119 - Witness unable to communicate Verbally
Section 120 - Competency of husband and Wife as witnesses in certain Cases
Section 121 - Judges and Magistrates
Section 122 - Communications during Marriage
Section 123 - Evidence as to affairs of State
Section 124 - Official communications
Section 125 - Information as to commission of Offences
Section 126 - Professional communications
Section 127 - Professional communications to Apply interpreters, etc"
Section 128 - Privilege not waived by Volunteering evidence
Section 129 - Confidential communication With legal advisers
Section 130 - Production of title-deeds of Witness not a party
Section 131 - Production of documents or Electronic records which another Person, having possession, could Refuse to produce
Section 132 - Witness not excused from Answering on ground that answer Will criminate
Section 133 - Accomplice
Section 134 - Number of witnesses
Section 135 - Order of production and Examination of witnesses
Section 136 - Judge to decide as to Admissibility of evidence
Section 137 - Examination of witnesses
Section 138 - Order of examinations
Section 139 - Cross-examination of person Called to produce a document
Section 140 - Witnesses to character
Section 141 - Leading questions
Section 142 - When they (leading) must not be
Section 143 - When they (leading) may be Asked
Section 144 - Evidence as to matters in writing
Section 145 - Cross-examination as to Previous statements in writing
Section 146 - Questions lawful in cross-Examination
Section 147 - When witness to be compelled to Answer
Section 148 - Court to decide when question Shall be asked and when witness Compelled to answer
Section 149 - Question not to be asked without Reasonable grounds
Section 150 - Procedure o f Court in case of Question being asked without Reasonable grounds
Section 151 - Indecent and scandalous Questions
Section 152 - Questions intended to insult or Annoy
Section 153 - Exclusion of evidence to Contradict answers to questions Testing veracity
Section 154 - Question by party to his own Witness
Section 155 - Impeaching credit of witness
Section 156 - Questions tending to corroborate Evidence of relevant fact, Admissible
Section 157 - Former statements of witness May be proved to corroborate Later testimony as to same fact
Section 158 - What matters may be proved in Connection with proved statement Relevant under section 26 or 27. [ Section 32 or 33]
Section 159 - Refreshing memory
Section 160 - Testimony to facts stated in Document mentioned in section 162[159]
Section 161 - Right of adverse party as to Writing used to refresh memory
Section 162 - Production of documents
Section 163 - Giving, as evidence, of Document called for and Produced on notice
Section 164 - Using, as evidence, of document Production of which was refused On notice
Section 165 - Judge's power to put questions or Order production
Section 167 - No new trial for improper Admission or rejection of Evidence